Management Fundamental for Standards and Practices-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement Fundamental for Standards and Practices. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze and examine the process of decision making in organizations and companies that carry out business activities, consultation and other goals and objectives. The process of decision making is critical to any organization while determining policies, procedures, standards, practices and judgments to be formulated and implemented. The main focus of this report is to examine three decision-making models that can be applied by the management team of any organization to initiate programs and policies. In that connection, we also focus on ethical considerations in the decision-making process to satisfy the requirements of ethics and codes of conduct. For the case of ethical consideration, the paper will focus on a case study at Fair Work Ombudsman to consider the requirements of decision making by organizations. Finally, recommendations and summary of the decision-making process will be incorporated to guide organizations on how to make viable judgments and feasible decisions in the future. The main recommendation in decision making involves making decisions that are most productive to the organization. Models of Decision Making There are three main models used in decision making by managers in the different organization regardless of goals and objectives of a company. Typically, decision making refers to a process of selecting and making choices through identification of decision, collecting relevant data and information, assessment of necessary optional resolutions to facilitate the process of achieving goals and objectives. Through the process of step-by-step decision making, managers can make deliberate, thoughtful and organized decisions through analysis of various alternative (Gerd, 2015). The decision-making models are rational or classical model, bounded rationality model also known as administrative man model and intuition decision-making model. In addition to these models, there is another model called retrospective decision model also known as an implicit favorite model which will not be considered in this case. Through analysis of these models, we will evaluate ethical considerations in the decis ion-making process. First, we evaluate the rational or classical model in the decision-making process. Typically, rational model refers to a method used by selecting systematically all possible choices and alternatives that are based on facts and reasons. In that connection, the model is applied by managers and business organizations to make choices that correspond to overall objectives. In that case, managers apply a series of analytical steps to examine facts and reasons on alternatives to determine the most viable alternative (Holmes et al., 2015). A business manager would as well apply this model to observe all possible outcomes before deciding the most probable course of action to undertake. For example, managers employ rational decision-making model to figure out which project is most viable when compared to some projects (Gerd, 2015). This decision-making process will be applied by business managers to provide guidelines on how to proceed with new projects thereby ensuring success. This model also considers ethical considerations in making decisions. The decision-making process should adhere to all ethical considerations to avoid compromising human aspects, rights, obligations, and privileges. For that reasons, managers can use this model to make ethical decisions. In this model, managers have sensitized that ethical and unethical decision making in an organizational context poses a series of far-reaching implications since business activities are performed through many transactions (Franz et al., 2010). It also involves many stakeholders from different areas. In that connection, managers will be able to make ethical decisions because rational decision-making process will enable them to collect data concerning the particular business transaction. Again, the model will facilitate the step-by-step process to verify all matters at hand in an ethical manner. The second model to be considered is called bounded rationality model also known as administrative man model. This model is used as an idea followed by individuals to make decisions based on the limitation of tractability of the decision problem. In this case, the decision maker is required to seek a satisfactory solution rather than considering the optimal process in achieving solutions (Krugman et al., 2012). The theory of bounded rationality model was initiated by an economist called Herbert Simon. This theory states that people are not inclined to collect data needed in the decision-making process. The main assumption of his idea was based on the fact that people are incapable of collecting all data required to make decisions. In that connection, managers can apply this model by taking information that fit some of the criteria in decision making rather than struggling to gather all information at once. From ethical consideration, the model is very applicable in making ethical decisions (Kotler et al., 2010). This is because managers are required to identify and gather information that fit decision-making criteria rather than collecting bulky data that may limit the process of making ethical decisions. The last model to be considered is called intuition model of decision making. This model is based on non-sequential information processing model, unlike rational decision model that follows the sequential process. Managers apply this model to make decisions and judgment through emotions and cognition (Marshall, 2013). In addition, the two aspects of emotion and cognition can be bridged together when making a decision using this model. This model is used to make judgment and decisions in a specific environment such as such as management of organizations. It is also very applicable in making decisions in financial matters as well as in high-risk situations. For that reason, this model may at time fail to follow all ethical considerations when making decisions. In summary, individuals would prefer to make decisions based on their preferred styles to fit different aspects and individual values. The above three models of decision making can be made better if managers realize the importance of following eight steps in the decision-making process. First, it is important to determine the proposal using floodplain or wetland approach. Second, it is crucial to involve the public in the decision-making process (Gilboa, 2012). Third, consider the best alternative. Fourth, consider adverse and beneficial impacts. Fifth, it is vital to mitigate adverse outcomes of decisions made. Sixth, it is crucial to re-evaluate alternative. Also, announce and explain decisions made to stakeholders. Lastly, managers should implement proposals along with appropriate mitigations. This last section of this paper will consider ethical and unethical aspects of decision making as demonstrated in Fair Work Ombudsman Case Study. The office of Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO) is primarily an independent statutory agency that functions on behalf of the government of Australia. It is a central point used by the government to deliver free advice and information to many relation systems in Australia (Ryan Deci, 2017). The government has empowered the organization to investigate workplace complaints as well as to enforce legal compliance with the national workplace. However, in the process of performing its duties, the organization has to make decisions regarding the nature of work. For example, the organization was trying to follow a case where employer failed to pay employees. The organization was required to make decisions on the probable course of action. The organization applied ethical consideration to resolve the issue. The organization allowed decision team to take the employer to court for litigation process. The decision to litigate depend on evidence collected and presented (Thomas, 2009). Therefore, the process is sequential thereby fitting a rational decision-making model. Some organization is charged by Fair Work Ombudsman if they are found using unethical measures when deciding the workplace. Therefore, Fair Work Ombudsman allowed the decision to be made based on the evidence presented and the scope of the issue. There is need to facilitate the managers for them to make ethical choices. Recommendations In this case, we consider strategies that can be applied to mitigate the process of making unethical decisions by organizations in the future. The first strategy is to recognize common features of poor ethical decision making. In this case, individuals are required to be confident when making decisions (Daft, 2015). It is not important to express overconfidence in decision making since it may result in illogical rationalization. To avoid unethical decision making, managers should be moderate to avoid overlook of complex problems. Another recommendation to prevent unethical decision making is to learn methods to resist requests to act unethically. This process should be initiated by reading companys employee manual. It is also vital to read ethical guidelines of the company to follow the all steps in decision making (Fletcher, 2012). Again, it is also important to understand methods to lead ethically. To lead ethically, managers must act ethically to act as role models. Lastly, managers should consider the bottom line to prevent the unethical decision-making process. This is because poor decision making is unethical and expensive that can result in negative impacts on employees, shareholders, and companies. It is imperative to consider opinions and contributions of other people in decision making to avoid dominating ideas in decision making. Conclusion In summary, it is essential to select the best strategies to make decisions. Managers should apply aspects deliberated in the decision-making models (William, 2009). Therefore, through recognition of various characteristics of poor decision making, understanding ways to lead ethically, learning ways to lead ethically, managers can minimize possibilities of unethical acts as well as to serve as positive role models in decision making for companies and employees. References Daft, R.L. (2015) Management. South-Western College Pub. Pp. 79-85. Fletcher, F. (2012) Business Problem Solving. Routledge. 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