The United States - 1391 Words

The entrance of the United States of America into the First World War in 1917 on the sides of the allies impacted the outcome of the Great War by tilting the strategic military balance in favor for the allies and against the Central Powers. The Central Powers, made up of the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Austria-Hungarian Empire, were fighting to preserve their empires in light of geopolitical shifts occurring at the time. The US entered the war partially to restore Global Peace and also to vanquish the German Empire, which had antagonized the US by seeking to form a hostile military alliance with Mexico to the detriment of American national interests (Doyle 1160). Continental Europe and the Middle East where the Ottoman Empire was dismembered was the main theatre for. The immediate cause of World War I was the declaration of War by the Austria-Hungarian Empire on the Kingdom of Serbia following a diplomatic crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Jun e 1914 in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb ultra-nationalist. Serbia had existed as an independent Kingdom, and the assassination served as an excellent pretext by the Austria-Hungarian Empire to annex Serbia into the empire. Herein, underline the single-most important reason the United States entered the World War 1; to shift and stabilize the balance of power in favor for free democratic nation-states as well as vanquish autocratic empires based in Europe and Anatolia (Midlarsky 180). USShow MoreRelatedThe United States1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthat would affect the actions and history of the United States in the future. According to The Wordy Shipmates author Sarah Vowell, those colonists began the way the United States would be unique and not conform to what other countries do and this is shown in the actions the United States has taken throughout its history. Instead of conforming, most of the goals of the United States have been to allow other nations to conform to the Uni ted States’ image. Yet, those colonists who were being sent offRead MoreThe United States915 Words   |  4 PagesCheyanne Sitch Pod Cast 4 â€Å"The United States we stand at this moment at the summit of this world† –Winston Churchill. 1940 was the last year before the United States fully engaged themselves into the war. At this time the US was dealing with its 11th year of the depression. 1/7th of the population was unemployed at this time. This meant that nearly 14% of the workforce was unemployed in 1940 compared to the average of 17% in 1930. During this time the federal government did not maintain a povertyRead MoreThe United States949 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1900’s, the United States has expanded their trading routes with oriental lands such as the Philippines. A striking speech, delivered by a first-term republican senator, Albert J. Beveridge, strongly advocates the annexation of the Philippine islands to the USA. The most striking points about the senator’s speech are his three poorly thought out reasons justifying Americans to colonize the Philippines, which were religion, pr ofit, and race. The reason was for the American imperialism, whichRead MoreThe United States1489 Words   |  6 Pages The Oxford Dictionary defines Wisdom as the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment. Looking over the history of the United States, it can be argued that as a nation, the U.S has grown wiser over the years. This due to the various obstacles that they’ve overcome. Many of which were conflicts that arose with other countries and, at one point, within itself. All of the decisions made during these times of tension and overall crisis, even though at the moment very difficult to getRead MoreThe United States1267 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing nearly six decades of severed diplomatic relations, President Obama announced in September 2015 that the United States would loosen a variety of economic restrictions on Cuba. This announcement came in the wake of a â€Å"diplomatic thaw† beginning in December 2014 with the intention of normalizing political, socia l, and economic relations between the two nations. While Cuba remains under restrictions imposed by the 1960 Cuban Embargo, the steps taken by the Obama administration represent aRead MoreThe United States1263 Words   |  6 PagesThrough political and racial attitudes that have persisted from our countries inception, these issues have evolved into the education system that is in place today, a system that is flawed and needs much revision. The Declaration of Independence states that all Americans are entitled to â€Å"Life, Liberty, and Property,† and while, in the modern era, it is widely believed that educations is part of those rights, this was not always the case. For example, the case that gave rise to one of the most infamousRead MoreThe United States995 Words   |  4 PagesIt has been a well-known fact that the United States has been a model example for the world since its inception. Through the course of time, the influence of the United States has slowly grown. The roots of this influence lie within the core of the United States government and have since branched out into language, the arts, food, and more (Zimmerman). While these aforementioned examples have largely come around in the past century, the origin of this process was first defined in around 1800 (Dictionary)Read MoreThe United States1489 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the centuries, the United States has developed a rich political culture which includes a number of center principles and standards that act as the foundation of American democracy. Not all Americans embrace similar perspectives, of course, but the vast majority agree and accept these collective values. The ideals of equality, unity, liberty, democracy, diversity and individualism are deeply a part of the institutional framework of society. Political disputes are inclined toRead MoreThe United States859 Words   |  4 Pagescapital or income for people, feeding families and providing fresh produce based on organic gardening and micro-farming projects. According to Smalls the unemployment rate in South Africa is around 25%, which is significantly higher compared to the United States unemployment of 5.4%. So, if people who are unemployed are willing to put in the hard work than, Abalimi Bezekhaya is a good fit for them. In particular, women typically do more of the domestic care like cooking and so being a part of the AbalimiRead MoreThe United States1980 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States continues to be in the spotlight, especially during an election year and specifically when it comes to immigration. Most recently I was intrigued by an article I read, titled â€Å" Articleâ€Å"that talked about the unprecedented number of unaccompanied children crossing our U.S. Borders illegally. What began as an intriguing subject that sparked my interest evolved into a desire to expand my knowledge on the subject of immigration, particularly these unaccompanied children crossing our

Six Day War Operation Moked - 1372 Words

Introduction The State of Israel, one of the youngest countries in today’s world, is no stranger to conflict. Prior to the removal of the British Mandatory Palestine tension between the Palestinians and the Jews were high as immigrants from Europe flooded into Palestinian territory. With the British pulling out of Palestine and with the United Nations General Assembly’s 181 resolution Israel was able to declares its independence in 1948. Two millennium ago that the Jewish people were forced out by the Romans, as of 1948 they have officially returned to their home land. For Zionists this was a major cross road in history but it was apparent that their trip was far from over. The day following Israel’s declaration of independence†¦show more content†¦The Straits of Tiran are closed and Israel has already activated its reserves. With clock now running on Israel’s economy and the massing of enemy forces the decision is made to make a preemptive s trike. Execution The night before the world’s most daring air campaign was to take place the Israeli Air force commander, General Hod, went home at his usual time and was asleep by 11pm. The next morning border operations were no different than any other day, or so it appeared. The Israelis wanted to maintain one crucial principle of war, surprise. Without all may have been lost. It was 0710, Israeli time, when the first 16 Magister Fouga jets left Hatzor making all the same radio calls on all the same frequencies used by the normal patrols. In a matter of 20 minutes over 200 aircraft were aloft flying at altitudes no greater than 45 feet and in complete radio silence. Nearly all of the IAF was committed to this phase of the operation, a mere 12 aircraft were left on standby to defend the city centers. â€Å"Pull up.† At 0745 the phase was heard over and over on the air-control net. A second principle of war had been met, Israel was successful at massing its forces o n multiple objectives at a synchronized time. The Egyptians had four training flights aloft, none of which were armed. Surprise is an understatement when describing this feat. The first and second waves were over in 170 minutes. The Egyptian air force was destroyedShow MoreRelatedThe Six Day War And Its Impact On Arab Nations1811 Words   |  8 PagesThe six-day war can go down in history as one of the worst wars between Israel and one or more Arab countries. The six-day war heavily impacted Israel and the participating Arab countries in many ways. Israeli and Arab relations have never been good, even before Israel was declared an independent state in 1948. The six-day war should not be considered a new war based on its impact, rather it should be considered as a continuation of a constant war between Israel and its surrounding Arab neighborsRead MoreCauses Of The Arab-Israeli Conflict In The Middle East1820 Words   |  8 Pagesinstigated another war, with the intent to annihilate Israel. He successfully formed an alliance with all Arab countries to include Jordan and Syria, leaving Israel’s military vastly outnumbered. Abdel Nasser blocked off the Straits of Tiran in May 1967, cutting off Israel’s international trades and main oil supply. Also, Nasser also relocated the Egyptian Army along with his allies, surrounding Israel s borders. This was the breaking point for Israel and the beginning of the Six-Day War on June 5th,

Impact of Tourism Free Essays

string(31) " attractions for the tourists\." There are various definitions of tourism. Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word â€Å"tour† is derived from the Latin ‘tornare’ and the Greek ‘tornos,’ meaning ‘a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis. ‘ This meaning changed in modern English to represent ‘one’s turn. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘ The suffix -ism is defined as ‘an action or process; typical behavior or quality’ whereas the suffix -ist denotes one that performs a given action.When the word tour and the suffixes -ism and -ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey that is a round trip, i. e. , the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist. [en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tourism] The Macmillan Dictionary defines tourism as the business of providing services for people who are travelling for their holiday.Wikipedia defines it as travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The OECD glossary of statistical terms defined tourism as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. [stats. oecd. org/glossary/detail. asp? ID=2725] Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening ? diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in he world. Tourism has become a thriving global industry with the power to shape developing countries in both positive and negative ways. No doubt it has become the fourth largest industry in the global economy. Similarly, in developing countries like India tourism has become one of the major sectors of the economy, contributing to a large proportion of the National Income and generating huge employment opportunities. It has become the fastest growing service industry in the country with great potentials for its further expansion and diversification.However, there are pros and cons involved with the development of tourism industry in the country. Let us discuss the development as well as the negative and positive impacts of tourism industry in India. DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN INDIA Early Development The first conscious and organized efforts to promote tourism in India were made in 1945 when a committee was set up by the Government under the Chairmanship of Sir John Sargent, the then Educational Adviser to the Government of India (Krishna, A. G. , 1993). Thereafter, the development of tourism was taken up in a planned manner in 1956 coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan.The approach has evolved from isolated planning of single unit facilities in the Second and Third Five Year Plans. The Sixth Plan marked the beginning of a new era when tourism began to be considered a major instrument for social integration and economic development. But it was only after the 80’s that tourism activity gained momentum. The Government took several significant steps. A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later in 1988, the National Committee on Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving a sustainable growth in tourism.In 1992, a National Action Plan was prepared and in 1996 the National Strategy for Promotion of Tourism was drafted. In 1997, the New Tourism Policy recognises the roles of Central and State governments, public sector undertakings and the private sector in the development of tourism were. The need for involvement of Panchayati Raj institutions, local bodies, non-governmental organisations and the local youth in the creation of tourism facilities has also been recognised. Present Situation and Features of Tourism in IndiaToday tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6. 23% to the national GDP and providing 8. 78% of the total employment. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits. The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275. 5 billion by 2018 at a 9. 4% annual growth rate. The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency for the development and promotion of tourism in India and maintains the â€Å"Incredible India† campaign.According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. As per the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009 by the World Economic Forum, India is ranked 11th in the Asia Pacific region and 62nd overall, moving up three places on the list of the world’s attractive destinations. It is ranked the 14th best tourist destination for its natural resources and 24th for its cultural resources, with many World Heritage Sites, both natural and cultural, rich fauna, and strong creative industries in the country.India also bagged 37th rank for its air transport network. The India travel and tourism industry ranked 5th in the long-term (10-year) growth and is expected to be the second largest employer in the world by 2019. The 2010 Commonwealth Gam es in Delhi are expected to significantly boost tourism in India further. [www. ibef. org/industry/tourismhospitality. aspx] Moreover, India has been ranked the â€Å"best country brand for value-for-money† in the Country Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted by Future Brand, a leading global brand consultancy.India also claimed the second place in CBI’s â€Å"best country brand for history†, as well as appears among the top 5 in the best country brand for authenticity and art ; culture, and the fourth best new country for business. India made it to the list of â€Å"rising stars† or the countries that are likely to become major tourist destinations in the next five years, led by the United Arab Emirates, China, and Vietnam. [www. ibef. org/industry/tourismhospitality. aspx] Tourist Attractions in India: India is a country known for its lavish treatment to all visitors, no matter where they come from.Its visitor-friendly traditions, varied life styles and cultural heritage and colourful fairs and festivals held abiding attractions for the tourists. You read "Impact of Tourism" in category "Papers" The other attractions include beautiful beaches, forests and wild life and landscapes for eco-tourism; snow, river and mountain peaks for adventure tourism; technological parks and science museums for science tourism; centres of pilgrimage for spiritual tourism; heritage, trains and hotels for heritage tourism. Yoga, ayurveda and natural health resorts and hill stations also attract tourists.The Indian handicrafts particularly, jewellery, carpets, leather goods, ivory and brass work are the main shopping items of foreign tourists. It is estimated through survey that nearly forty per cent of the tourist expenditure on shopping is spent on such items. Despite the economic slowdown, medical tourism in India is the fastest growing segment of tourism industry, according to the market research report â€Å"Booming Medical Tourism in India†. The report adds that India offers a great potential in the medical tourism industry.Factors such as low cost, scale and range of treatments provided in the country add to its attractiveness as a medical tourism destination. Initiatives to Boost Tourism: Some of the recent initiatives taken by the Government to boost tourism include grant of export house status to the tourism sector and incentives for promoting private investment in the form of Income Tax exemptions, interest subsidy and reduced import duty. The hotel and tourism-related industry has been declared a high priority industry for foreign investment which entails automatic approval of direct nvestment up to 51 per cent of foreign equity and allowing 100 per cent non-resident Indian investment and simplifying rules regarding the grant of approval to travel agents, tour operators and tourist transport operators. The first-ever Indian Tourism Day was celebrated on January 25, 1998. The Year 1999 was celebrated as Explore India Millennium Year by presenting a spectacular tableau on the cultural heritage of India at the Republic Day Parade and organising India Tourism Expo in New Delhi and Khajuraho.Moreover, the campaign ‘Visit India Year 2009’ was launched at the International Tourism Exchange in Berlin, aimed to project India as an attractive destination for holidaymakers. The government joined hands with leading airlines, hoteliers, holiday resorts and tour operators, and offered them a wide range of incentives and bonuses during the period between April and December, 2009. Future Prospects: According to the latest Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research, released by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and its strategic partner Oxford Economics in March 2009: The demand for travel and tourism in India is expected to grow by 8. 2 per cent between 2010 and 2019 and will place India at the third position in the world. †¢ India†™s travel and tourism sector is expected to be the second largest employer in the world, employing 40,037,000 by 2019. †¢ Capital investment in India’s travel and tourism sector is expected to grow at 8. 8 per cent between 2010 and 2019. †¢ The report forecasts India to get capital investment worth US$ 94. 5 billion in the travel and tourism sector in 2019. India is projected to become the fifth fastest growing business travel destination from 2010-2019 with an estimated real growth rate of 7. 6 per cent. Constraints: The major constraint in the development of tourism in India is the non-availability of adequate infrastructure including adequate air seat capacity, accessibility to tourist destinations, accommodation and trained manpower in sufficient number. Poor visitor experience, particularly, due to inadequate infrastructural facilities, poor hygienic conditions and incidents of touting and harassment of tourists in some places are factors that contribute to poor visitor experience. IMPACT OF TOURISM IN INDIA Tourism industry in India has several positive and negative impacts on the economy and society. These impacts are highlighted below. POSITIVE IMPACTS 1. Generating Income and Employment: Tourism in India has emerged as an instrument of income and employment generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development. It contributes 6. 23% to the national GDP and 8. 78% of the total employment in India. Almost 20 million people are now working in the India’s tourism industry. . Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings: Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings in India. This has favourable impact on the balance of payment of the country. The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275. 5 billion by 2018 at a 9. 4% annual growth rate. 4. Preservation of National Heritage and Environment: Tourism helps preserve several places which are of historical importance by declaring them as heritage sites.For instance, the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, Ajanta and Ellora temples, etc, would have been decayed and destroyed had it not been for the efforts taken by Tourism Department to preserve them. Likewise, tourism also helps in conserving the natural habitats of many endangered species. 5. Developing Infrastructure: Tourism tends to encourage the development of multiple-use infrastructure that benefits the host community, including various means of transports, health care facilities, and sports centers, in addition to the hotels and high-end restaurants that cater to foreign visitors.The development of infrastructure has in turn induced the development of other directly productive activities. 6. Promoting Peace and Stability: Honey and Gilpin (2009) suggests that the tourism industry can also help promote peace and stability in developing country like India by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy, protecting the environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness. However, key challenges like adoption of regulatory frameworks, mechanisms to reduce crime and corruption, etc, must be addressed if peace-enhancing benefits from this industry are to be realized.NEGATIVE IMPACTS 1. Undesirable Social and Cultural Change: Tourism sometimes led to the destruction of the social fabric of a community. The more tourists coming into a place, the more the perceived risk of that place losing its identity. A good example is Goa. From the late 60’s to the early 80’s when the Hippy culture was at its height, Goa was a haven for such hippies. Here they came in thousands and changed the whole culture of the state leading to a rise in the use of drugs, prostitution and human trafficking. This had a ripple effect on the country. 2.Increase Tension and Hostility: Tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion between the tourists and the local communities when there is no respect and understanding for each other’s culture and way of life. This may further lead to violence and other crimes committed against the tourists. The recent crime committed against Russian tourist in Goa is a case in point. 3. Creating a Sense of Antipathy: Tourism brought little benefit to the local community. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers.Moreover, large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their presence. This has often created a sense of antipathy towards the tourists and the government. 4. Adverse Effects on Environment and Ecology: One of the most important adverse effects of tourism on the environment is increased pressure on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality. Increased transport and construction activities led to large scale deforestation and destabilisation of natural landforms, while increased tourist flow led to increase in solid waste dumping as well as depletion of water and fuel resources. Flow of tourists to ecologically sensitive areas resulted in destruction of rare and endangered species due to trampling, killing, disturbance of breeding habitats. Noise pollution from vehicles and public address systems, water pollution, vehicular emissions, untreated sewage, etc. lso have direct effects on bio-diversity, ambient environment and general profile of tourist spots. CONCLUSION Tourism industry in India is growing and it has vast potential for generating employment and earning large amount of foreign exchange besides giving a fillip to the country’s overall economic and social development. But much more remains to be done. Eco-tourism needs to be promoted so that tourism in India helps in preserving and sustaining the diversit y of the India’s natural and cultural environments. Tourism in India should be developed in such a way that it   accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in. Moreover, since tourism is a multi-dimensional activity, and basically a service industry, it would be necessary that all wings of the Central and State governments, private sector and voluntary organisations become active partners in the endeavour to attain sustainable growth in tourism if India is to become a world player in the tourism industry. How to cite Impact of Tourism, Papers

Management Fundamental for Standards and Practices-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement Fundamental for Standards and Practices. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze and examine the process of decision making in organizations and companies that carry out business activities, consultation and other goals and objectives. The process of decision making is critical to any organization while determining policies, procedures, standards, practices and judgments to be formulated and implemented. The main focus of this report is to examine three decision-making models that can be applied by the management team of any organization to initiate programs and policies. In that connection, we also focus on ethical considerations in the decision-making process to satisfy the requirements of ethics and codes of conduct. For the case of ethical consideration, the paper will focus on a case study at Fair Work Ombudsman to consider the requirements of decision making by organizations. Finally, recommendations and summary of the decision-making process will be incorporated to guide organizations on how to make viable judgments and feasible decisions in the future. The main recommendation in decision making involves making decisions that are most productive to the organization. Models of Decision Making There are three main models used in decision making by managers in the different organization regardless of goals and objectives of a company. Typically, decision making refers to a process of selecting and making choices through identification of decision, collecting relevant data and information, assessment of necessary optional resolutions to facilitate the process of achieving goals and objectives. Through the process of step-by-step decision making, managers can make deliberate, thoughtful and organized decisions through analysis of various alternative (Gerd, 2015). The decision-making models are rational or classical model, bounded rationality model also known as administrative man model and intuition decision-making model. In addition to these models, there is another model called retrospective decision model also known as an implicit favorite model which will not be considered in this case. Through analysis of these models, we will evaluate ethical considerations in the decis ion-making process. First, we evaluate the rational or classical model in the decision-making process. Typically, rational model refers to a method used by selecting systematically all possible choices and alternatives that are based on facts and reasons. In that connection, the model is applied by managers and business organizations to make choices that correspond to overall objectives. In that case, managers apply a series of analytical steps to examine facts and reasons on alternatives to determine the most viable alternative (Holmes et al., 2015). A business manager would as well apply this model to observe all possible outcomes before deciding the most probable course of action to undertake. For example, managers employ rational decision-making model to figure out which project is most viable when compared to some projects (Gerd, 2015). This decision-making process will be applied by business managers to provide guidelines on how to proceed with new projects thereby ensuring success. This model also considers ethical considerations in making decisions. The decision-making process should adhere to all ethical considerations to avoid compromising human aspects, rights, obligations, and privileges. For that reasons, managers can use this model to make ethical decisions. In this model, managers have sensitized that ethical and unethical decision making in an organizational context poses a series of far-reaching implications since business activities are performed through many transactions (Franz et al., 2010). It also involves many stakeholders from different areas. In that connection, managers will be able to make ethical decisions because rational decision-making process will enable them to collect data concerning the particular business transaction. Again, the model will facilitate the step-by-step process to verify all matters at hand in an ethical manner. The second model to be considered is called bounded rationality model also known as administrative man model. This model is used as an idea followed by individuals to make decisions based on the limitation of tractability of the decision problem. In this case, the decision maker is required to seek a satisfactory solution rather than considering the optimal process in achieving solutions (Krugman et al., 2012). The theory of bounded rationality model was initiated by an economist called Herbert Simon. This theory states that people are not inclined to collect data needed in the decision-making process. The main assumption of his idea was based on the fact that people are incapable of collecting all data required to make decisions. In that connection, managers can apply this model by taking information that fit some of the criteria in decision making rather than struggling to gather all information at once. From ethical consideration, the model is very applicable in making ethical decisions (Kotler et al., 2010). This is because managers are required to identify and gather information that fit decision-making criteria rather than collecting bulky data that may limit the process of making ethical decisions. The last model to be considered is called intuition model of decision making. This model is based on non-sequential information processing model, unlike rational decision model that follows the sequential process. Managers apply this model to make decisions and judgment through emotions and cognition (Marshall, 2013). In addition, the two aspects of emotion and cognition can be bridged together when making a decision using this model. This model is used to make judgment and decisions in a specific environment such as such as management of organizations. It is also very applicable in making decisions in financial matters as well as in high-risk situations. For that reason, this model may at time fail to follow all ethical considerations when making decisions. In summary, individuals would prefer to make decisions based on their preferred styles to fit different aspects and individual values. The above three models of decision making can be made better if managers realize the importance of following eight steps in the decision-making process. First, it is important to determine the proposal using floodplain or wetland approach. Second, it is crucial to involve the public in the decision-making process (Gilboa, 2012). Third, consider the best alternative. Fourth, consider adverse and beneficial impacts. Fifth, it is vital to mitigate adverse outcomes of decisions made. Sixth, it is crucial to re-evaluate alternative. Also, announce and explain decisions made to stakeholders. Lastly, managers should implement proposals along with appropriate mitigations. This last section of this paper will consider ethical and unethical aspects of decision making as demonstrated in Fair Work Ombudsman Case Study. The office of Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO) is primarily an independent statutory agency that functions on behalf of the government of Australia. It is a central point used by the government to deliver free advice and information to many relation systems in Australia (Ryan Deci, 2017). The government has empowered the organization to investigate workplace complaints as well as to enforce legal compliance with the national workplace. However, in the process of performing its duties, the organization has to make decisions regarding the nature of work. For example, the organization was trying to follow a case where employer failed to pay employees. The organization was required to make decisions on the probable course of action. The organization applied ethical consideration to resolve the issue. The organization allowed decision team to take the employer to court for litigation process. The decision to litigate depend on evidence collected and presented (Thomas, 2009). Therefore, the process is sequential thereby fitting a rational decision-making model. Some organization is charged by Fair Work Ombudsman if they are found using unethical measures when deciding the workplace. Therefore, Fair Work Ombudsman allowed the decision to be made based on the evidence presented and the scope of the issue. There is need to facilitate the managers for them to make ethical choices. Recommendations In this case, we consider strategies that can be applied to mitigate the process of making unethical decisions by organizations in the future. The first strategy is to recognize common features of poor ethical decision making. In this case, individuals are required to be confident when making decisions (Daft, 2015). It is not important to express overconfidence in decision making since it may result in illogical rationalization. To avoid unethical decision making, managers should be moderate to avoid overlook of complex problems. Another recommendation to prevent unethical decision making is to learn methods to resist requests to act unethically. This process should be initiated by reading companys employee manual. It is also vital to read ethical guidelines of the company to follow the all steps in decision making (Fletcher, 2012). Again, it is also important to understand methods to lead ethically. To lead ethically, managers must act ethically to act as role models. Lastly, managers should consider the bottom line to prevent the unethical decision-making process. This is because poor decision making is unethical and expensive that can result in negative impacts on employees, shareholders, and companies. It is imperative to consider opinions and contributions of other people in decision making to avoid dominating ideas in decision making. Conclusion In summary, it is essential to select the best strategies to make decisions. Managers should apply aspects deliberated in the decision-making models (William, 2009). Therefore, through recognition of various characteristics of poor decision making, understanding ways to lead ethically, learning ways to lead ethically, managers can minimize possibilities of unethical acts as well as to serve as positive role models in decision making for companies and employees. References Daft, R.L. (2015) Management. South-Western College Pub. Pp. 79-85. Fletcher, F. (2012) Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Pp. 29-45. Franz, E., Weber, M., Langer, T. (2010) Rational Decision Making. Springer. Gerd, G. (2015) Simply Rational: Decision Making in the Real World. Oxford University Press. Gilboa, I. (2012) Rational Choice. The MIT Press. Holmes, K, Hughes, M, Mair, J Carlsen, J. (2015) Events and sustainability.1st edition. Abingdon: Routledge. Kotler, P, Bowen, J Makens, J. (2010) Marketing for hospitality and tourism. 5th edn. Pearson, Upper Saddle River: NJ. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. J. (2012) International Economics: Theory policy 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Marshall, B. (2013) Accounting Information Systems. Australian edition. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017) Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development, and Wellness. The Guilford Press. Pp. 93-112. Thomas, K.W. (2009) Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers. Pp. 67-82. William, R.P. (2009) Challenges and Opportunities of Business Education in Southeast Europe: The Case of a Balkan Business School. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 20 (3), pp. 244-267.

Uncle Vanya monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov Essay Example For Students

Uncle Vanya monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov Essay A monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Moscow Arts Theatre Series of Plays. Ed. Oliver M. Sayler. New York: Brentanos, 1922. SONYA: What can we do? We must live out our lives. Yes, we shall live, Uncle Vanya. We shall live all through the endless procession of days ahead of us, and through the long evenings. We shall bear patiently the burdens that fate imposes on us. We shall work without rest for others, both now and when we are old. And when our final hour comes, we shall meet it humbly, and there beyond the grave, we shall say that we have known suffering and tears, that our life was bitter. And God will pity us. Ah, then, dear, dear Uncle, we shall enter on a bright and beautiful life. We shall rejoice and look back upon our grief here. A tender smile and we shall rest. I have faith, Uncle, fervent, passionate faith. We shall rest. We shall rest. We shall hear the angels. We shall see heaven shining like a jewel. We shall see evil and all our pain disappear in the great pity that shall enfold the world. Our life will be as peaceful and gentle and sweet as a caress. I have faith; I have faith. My p oor, poor Uncle Vanya, you are crying! You have never known what it is to be happy, but wait, Uncle Vanya, wait! We shall rest. We shall rest. We shall rest. We will write a custom essay on Uncle Vanya monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Computer Crime essays

Computer Crime essays New times bring new crimes. It's a story as old as humanity and as new as the Internet. First comes cars, then car thieves follow. Telephones are followed by telephone fraud. Now we've got computers . . .. To make home, school, and office life easier, society relies on computers. As a result of this dependency, computer use grows everyday. Along with the growing use of computers comes widespread computer crime. With the Internet becoming increasingly popular, more and more people are becoming computer literate, and networks are becoming more readily accessible. The rise in computer crime can easily be blamed upon the increasing number of users. The Internet is widely deemed as a new community and "wild" electric frontier. Either way you look at it, the Internet offers cover for con artists, ground for grifters, and plenty of places where larceny can lurk. It provides the same opportunities for crime that the real world offers. Internet crimes, however, carry their own intricacies and innovations. These online crimes take advantage of the very same technologies that make the Internet possible. The most common crimes committed on the Internet are the same basic variations of the four main time-tested, real-world crimes: Forgery (of E-mail), assault (on your Web site, E-mail box, or computer system), fraud (cyberscams), and robbery (theft of valuable information). Various types of people commit computer crimes. The two most familiar being hackers and crackers. A hacker is a person who enjoys exploring the details of a programmable system and how to stretch their capabilities; one who programs enthusiastically, even obsessively. A cracker is one who breaks security on a system. Although hackers and crackers both break into computer systems, their motives are different. Hackers seem to break into computer systems for the intellectual challenge. Crackers are considered malicious with the intention of harming or causing damage to a compute...

Mile Durkheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Mile Durkheim - Essay Example Durkheim’s biggest goal with sociology was that he wanted it to be a quantitatively and scientifically method heavy field. As a result, he wanted to take the scientific method that was used in the natural sciences and use it on society in an effort to describe and predict collective behavior. He believed that a collective consciousness was the glue, which bound everyone together in society. This consisted of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. which all served an important role in unifying society. With the rise of the industrial era and an increase in the segmentation of jobs, he worried that society was changing as the economy was destroying the collective unconsciousness. Instead, it was being replaced upon the reliability and interconnectedness of economic principles. Being one of sociology’s principle founders, Durkheim played an important role in establishing sociology as a scientific field, rather than just as an abstract humanitarian course. This was achieved because of the emphasis he placed on taking the scientific method and applying it to society so that the research and discipline in the field would proliferate. He died on November 15,

Chose any of the folowings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chose any of the folowings - Essay Example The end result would be the recruitment and selection of human resource in excessive of demand. Therefore, human resource planning would be important as this would avoid situations of retrenchment in later cases or inflating the wage bill hence low profitability. It is also essential to have a well co-ordinated human resource plan in order to match skills with jobs. Scheduling of jobs to match skills is one area of resource planning. This reduces wastages in that people are given jobs that they can best handle unlike in situations where people do tasks that they little comprehend leading to losses, through breakages, over - usage of materials. It also avoids wastages in terms of time saved. When people are assigned jobs matching their experiences and skills. Effective human resource planning also culminates in an arrangement of jobs such that as one job is completed another is started. This reduces incidences of employees waiting to do their jobs past the official working hours which are costly to the firm since they have to be paid overtime. Such an arrangement could also have led to an increase in labour turnover rate. Secondly, resource planning aids the organization in the effective management of its cash flows, both cash inflows and cash outflows. When resources are planned, the right quantity/ volume are used thus avoiding tying up money in material resources. It is important for any given firm to have a steady flow of cash so that it can effectively carry out its dividend and re - investment decision. It also reduces its financial risk i.e. of not being able to meet short - term maturing financial obligations as and when they fall due for payment. Third, resource planning gives the firm and opportunity to benefit from discounts and also avoid certain penalties. When enough resources are set aside to buy materials, these can be purchased in large quantity which in turn attracts trade discounts. If on the other hand, the firm depletes all its resources at the end of the financial year, possibilities of meeting its statutory obligations of paying taxes would be minimized. The consequence is that the firm would be heavily penalized for not paying taxes. Resource planning avoids shortages. Shortages may occur in terms of materials, manpower etc. In a manufacturing enterprise it is important to plan the material requirements to avoid stock- outs. Experiencing of stock - outs translates to insufficient finished goods for sale which may not meet demand. Thus planning is essential in respect to materials to meet even unusually high demands hence improved profitability. On the other hand, curbing shortages in terms of labour through planning is also essential in that there are enough men and women workers at any one given time. Determination of cash requirements Without proper resource planning, an enterprise cannot be able to determine when it would need cash requirements and the methodology to be used. Through cash budgets an enterprise would know when a cash deficit would occur. It would then design and put into contemplation that such a deficit

Best account of the relation of self and society (social and self) Essay

Best account of the relation of self and society (social and self) - Essay Example Liberals, it is supposed, stand for a framework that allows individuals to choose their ends, or goals; and communitarians, oppositely, stand for a public choice of ends and goals for individuals as part of the society. Thomas Nagel’s normative language might be considered, as he words it, â€Å"cultural liberalism† (23), and therefore values the intellectual ventilation known as pluralism, which accepts a multitude of truths and ideas. Michael Sandel represents a classical communitarianism that treats civic virtue, and the republic, as the most worthy publically chosen end, and bases this on a theory of the â€Å"boundaries to obligation†. Marilyn Friedman, on the other hand, explicates and defends a â€Å"redirection† in communitarian thought toward a more congenial relationship between self and community from the feminist perspective. As different as these articles may seem from one another at first glance, the connections between them can be read in detail between the lines. One of Nagel’s points in his piece is the control over the public sphere that envelops the cultural and ideological environments in which young people are raised; forty years ago, he claims, the â€Å"public pieties were patriotic and anticommunist; now they are multicultural and feminist† (Nagel 24). On this point, and from a feminist perspective, Friedman goes on to develop the communitarian thought of Sandel, but in a way that shifts away from gender subordination characteristic of what shall be called â€Å"classical communitarianism† that stresses the Hellenistic notion of civic virtue. Sandel clearly sees a connection between the good of a society and the concept of a social purpose like that found in the writings of Aristotle on civic virtue. These intellectual conflicts between liberalism and communitarianism, wi th feminism in between, clearly demonstrate the normative problem of political theory, where

London Underground Extension Project Management

London Underground Extension Project Management The Jubilee line originally opened in 1979 and consisted of 2 and a half mile tunnel leading from Baker Street to Charing Cross. However due to the short distance of line compared to others there was a need for an extension to fill the void. At the time the London transportation system did not fully accommodate direct train access to areas such as Westminster, the business sector in docklands and most of South and East London. London underground Ltd decided to extend the 2 and half mile line with an additional 10 miles from Green Park to Stratford. London Underground Ltd had already planned to undertake a extension of the line along with various other project such as creating new lines. However as with most public sector projects government approval was necessary before work could commence. Initially the project faced being scrapped during parliamentary debates. Fortunately it was saved by its main selling point which was unlike any of the other lines underground the jubilee line would be able to interchange into all existing underground lines. (Kenneth powell). Moreover the proposal for the line accommodated, one of Europes fastest growing business districts (Canary Wharf), the lack of transport links in south London (London bridge inter change) the regeneration of East London (Stratford) and a addition transport link to Parliament (Westminster). (Kenneth powell) The government eventually approved and designated funding for the project on 29th October 1993 with construction beginning in December (JLE project bob mic Page 48-49 ). The expected project completion time to be set around spring 1998, lasting a total of 52months and the estimated was approximately  £2.1bn in 1994 (BBC). At the tendering stage It was decided that more than 30 major contracts and a number of smaller contracts will be awarded; this posed a test on how the project would be managed reason being the difficulties that could arise from multiple contracts. (JLE project bob mic ) The different contracts were awarded for numerous amounts of activities such as tunnelling, signalling and communication, M and E, the construction of the 11 new stations and other various works. (Kenneth powell JBLE). The WNSL opted for a low risk method of procurement known as design and build which the Australian contractor won the tender bid for the price of  £326.5m (guardian). With design and build the contractor (multiplex) is appointed to design and build the project, this generally gives the contractor overall control of the project. However the contractor must follow the clients (WNSL) instructions from the brief. The client will hire a employers agent is hired to monitor the site and enforce their instructions. (Murdock and Huges) The Client choose a fixed price contract with the contractors after the bid was signed it was agreed between both parties that the price would increase to  £445m. Originally at the proposal stage the scheduled time for completion was set to be late 2003, however this goal was perceived to be impossible due to the nature of the time the bid was won. As a result a realistic date was agreed upon with a stipulation that a penalty payment would incur if the project was over due by 31 Jan 2006. () The concept of this project came about from the realisation in the early 1960s there was a lack of facilities and shortage of space in the British museums dome reading room in Bloomsbury. It was decided that something had to be done to preserve the national library and an act was passed to re-house the increasing collection and build a national library. (the British library, colin st john Wilson) Different design concepts were proposed based on the intentions of retaining the library in Bloomsbury but expanding it a further three floors. However they did not allow much room for design changes one construction commenced. The government approved the design in 1964 to expand the reading room with in the library. However there were strong debates which suggested that the dome reading room expansion should be scrapped since it would not be able to keep up with the storage demand of books in the future. This lead to the government ratifying their original decision and in 1973 the British l ibrary act allow the library to be constructed as a separate entity from the museum. (Inside the British Library, by Alan day) Even though the project had been approved to be a separate building, the location had still not been decided, there was protests made by the reading room staff for the library to be built in Bloomsbury. The solution was to build in the St Pancras area because of the convenience of the large space and the number of transport links there. ( the british library, colin st john Wilson) In 1975 the decision was made to move the project from Bloomsbury to St Pancras. The final design offered a library with number of reading room for humanities, science, business and various other subjects, a plaza, offices, laboratories and conferences rooms. The building was proposed to be built in three phases and would have been able to hold all incoming books without storage out houses. The first stage of construction was approved in 1980 with excavation and construction of the site began in 1984 and was meant to be complete in 1993 at a cost of  £170m. The procurement strategy that was chosen for Phase 1A of the project was management contract this was very similar to JCT construction manager. However at the time this was not a JCT standard form of contract, since JCT had not issued this method and it was not commonly used in the UK. (Murdock.J ,Hughes. W) The Management contracts was design to be a method of procurement use for high risk and complex projects, with the purpose of reducing the risk which is usually exposed to the contractor/ managing contractor. The idea behind this modified construction manager contract is the client employs a design team and hires a construction manager to help coordinate the design and construction and to supervise site activity. There is no main contractor and all the work is sub contracted out, construction is divided into individual work packages carried out by different trade contractors. The use of Management contract had a negative effect on the project because there was literally no risk directed to the managing contractor and therefore no one to blame in the occurrence of cost over-runs and time delays. (Murdock.J, Hughes. W) In Hindsight one of the main causes for failure with project was as a result of the procurement method chosen. It was considered by Day that the four key weaknesses with the management contract were: The aim of contract choice should always be to distribute risk clearly; the client needs to understand that each procurement route decides the level of risk that can be controlled by the parties involved. With the help of contract consultants the client can be advised on the best procurement option that suits their needs. No one procurement system is better than another, each procurement route is designated for different circumstances. The majority of these risks can be trace back to procurement route and the success or failure of a project can depend on the choice of procurement; reason being that different contracts have different clauses, and each contract has its own contingency plan which distributes the risk according to the situation and who is responsible for the risk.

Shakespeares Othello - Iago Essay -- Othello essays

Othello’s Iago  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   We find in William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello an example of personified evil. He is the general’s ancient, Iago, and he wreaks havoc and destruction on all those under his influence.    Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello† comment on how the character of Iago is the wholly expected type of villain for an Elizabethan audience:      Iago at once captures the attention of the spectator. He is the personification of the villain that Elizabethans had come to expect from Italian short stories and from Machiavellian commentary. Villains of this type, as well as those of domestic origin, had long been popular on the stage. From the days of the mystery and morality plays, the characters personifying evil invariably had gripped the attention of audiences, for iniquity always stirs more popular excitement than virtue. (127)    First of all, Iago’s very words paint him for what he is. Robert Di Yanni in â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue† states that the evil antagonist reveals his character quite plainly through his speech:    Iago’s language reveals his coarseness; he crudely reduces sexual love to animal copulation. It also shows his ability to make things happen: he has infuriated Brabantio. The remainder of the scene shows the consequences of his speech, its power to inspire action. Iago is thus revealed as both an instigator and a man of crude sensibilities. (123)    David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies enlightens us on the ancient:    Iago’s machinations yield him both â€Å"sport† and â€Å"profit† (1.3.387); that is, he enjoys his evildoing, although he is also driven by a motive. This Vice-like behavior inh... ...gton, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.   

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions Cathy Perry Psy 300 September 27, 2010 Tara Terry Ph. D. Select a famous individual from the 20th or 21st centuries: Maya Angelou (born as Marguerite Ann Johnson). Conduct research concerning the background of your selected individual to determine what forces have impacted his or her life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. 1. Discuss the influences of heredity and environment (including family and social support) on your individual’s psychological development. Be sure to describe specific areas of psychological development (moral, emotional, etc. . (300-500 words). Maya Angelou was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1928. At the age of three, she and her brother, Bailey, moved to Stamps, Arkansas to live with their paternal grandmother when their parents divorced. Throughout her childhood she struggled with feelings of displacement due to her early separation from her parents (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). She developed self-esteem problems because of her large frame and nappy hair and was not considered pretty; also, racism’s messages of southern black females being inferior and that they lacked control of their future. The grandmother raised them in a strict sheltered environment around church, school, and her store. The fear of being terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan was always upon Maya. After five years of minimal contact with either parent, the father returned and took them to their mother in St. Louis. This household consisted of their mother, maternal grandmother, and two uncles, but they rarely saw their mother. Maya disliked the city’s loud noises and constant commotions, so she escaped through reading. Moving back to St. Louis was unsettling to both children. Maya began having nightmares and Bailey began to stutter (Pettit, 1996). Later that year, their mother moved them in with her and her boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. One night, while their mother was working, Mr. Freeman made Bailey leave the house and he raped Maya; she was only eight years old. He threatened Maya that if she told anyone he would kill Bailey. Maya’s mother thought she was ill but discovered the blood stained underwear when changing sheets. At the hospital Bailey convinced her to tell who had done this. Mr. Freeman was arrested and Maya testified at the trial. He was released early before finishing out his sentence and was later found beaten to death. Maya stopped speaking to everyone except Bailey, and kept silent for five years. She felt guilty that Mr. Freeman’s death was her fault and she feared if she spoke about anyone else, that they would die too. The children were sent back to Stamps which Maya felt was her fault since the family could not tolerate her silence and slow recovery. One male relative even physically punished her for not speaking. The grandmother in Stamps had a friend of hers, Bertha Flowers, speak to Maya. Ms. Flowers was instrumental in bringing Maya back from the darkness. She slowly helped Maya transform from the mute with no self-worth to a speaking young woman with self-esteem and academic success (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, & Long,  2008). After graduating the eighth grade, Maya and Bailey were sent to live with their mother in California. That summer Maya went to visit her father, but left early when his girlfriend began to fight her. Maya had been stabbed and stayed with her father’s friends. When she returned to her mother, she got a job instead of going back to school. After six months of working, she went back to school, but found that other girls her age were more developed physically and she felt unfeminine. To prove she was normal she decided to have sex, but didn’t prove anything; except she became pregnant. She graduated high school and a month later gave birth to her son Clyde. 2. Select two different theories of personality and apply them to your selected figure, and answer the following question: How does each theory explain the individual's unique patterns or traits? (500-700 words). The Psychodynamic theory can be applied to Maya Angelou in several areas. One of these areas was the continuous moves from parents to grandparents throughout her childhood. The consistency she had as a child was her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya and her brother had love, stability and the meaning of family while they lived with her. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2009), Disrupted attachments are associated with severe personality disturbances, depression, antisocial behavior and adjustment problems†¦, and childhood experiences such as parental neglect or even parental divorce cause more vulnerability to adult nsecurities. Psychodynamic theorists state that depressive behaviors have various causes, one of which would be a parental attachment history influencing problems and fears of rejection and or abandonment. Both Maya and her brother had problems dealing with the thoughts of abandonment. Maya thought it was better to think of them being dead than to imagine having parents that did not want their children (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Maya w as a rape victim at a very early age that traumatized her into speechlessness for five years. The fact that she was only eight years old is enough reason for her to have trust issues. According to Mongeau-Marshall, (1994) Maya trusted Mr. Freeman and felt him to be a father figure. After his death, she stopped talking to everyone but her brother, which in a psychodynamic theory viewpoint the psychological thought processes caused her to think that she caused his death. If she spoke about anyone ever again, the same tragic thing would happen. She could not endure the thought of being responsible for that. According to Kowalski ; Westen, (2009), â€Å"Compromise formations is a single behavior or a complex pattern of thought and action, typically reflects compromises among multiple and often conflicting forces† (p. 421). Maya did not talk for five years, but she did talk to her brother and would talk to herself when reading. When Bailey convinced her to tell him who raped her, he had also convinced her that no one could harm him so it would be okay to tell him. Maya compromised her thoughts by the love of her brother. She needed his companionship and acceptance at this crucial time in her life. She did not want to speak, but found it was necessary to speak to Bailey. In another time of her life, during high school, she believed she was not woman enough because her body was not as sexually developed as her peers. She decided to have sex to prove that she was â€Å"woman enough† so she rationalized. Rationalization, according to Kowalski ; Westen, is a defense when a person tries to explain away actions in a seemingly logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings, especially guilt or shame (p. 26). Maya was ashamed of the fact that she was not as developed as her female classmates and wanted the acceptance that she desired, not just from others, but from herself. The Cognitive-Social theory accentuates the tasks of a person’s thought processes and their social learning in behavior and personality. Maya’s grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas had the most positive role in her life; givin g her love, stability, encouragement, and education. She was able to learn from this grandmother that things do exist in life. She was able to draw personal strength, even at a young age, from the things she learned and observed from this grandmother. Her behavior-outcome expectancies were her beliefs that this way of life would continue if she thought her parents were dead. As long as they were dead, living in Stamps would continue and family turmoil would be no more. Maya’s competences were lacking in self-esteem and admiration of who she was and what she was. She dreamed of being a white blue-eyed girl with long blonde hair having all the beautiful clothes and expensive things that white people had. She believed that one day she would wake up from her â€Å"blackness† and be this person (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Self-regulation was apparently nonexistent when she was a young girl, but as she became a young woman, she wasn’t just the first Black woman to be a cable car conductor, she was the first Black person to be cable car conductor in San Francisco. She accomplished this by harrying the Negro support organizations to help her get the job, and waiting for hours to be interviewed at the cable car offices (Pettit, 1996). 3. Explain which theoretical approach best explains the individual's behaviors and achievements. Make sure to explain why this is true. (100-200 words). The Psychodynamic theory is probably the best approach that relates to Maya Angelou. Her entire childhood is riddled with abandonment, child abuse, ridicule, and depression. Ms. Angelou had troubled relationships throughout her life, including three failed marriages. She only bore one child, whom she felt she abandoned when she went to Europe on the tour with Porgy and Bess (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, & Long, 2008). This theoretical approach deals with Ms. Angelou’s horrendous childhood, adolescent, and young adult life. She dabbled in drugs, prostitution, and rich men. Through her life journeys, however, she has become one of the most prominent Black female poet, author, actress, humanist, and speaker that has walked upon this earth. She was friends with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Malcolm X, W. E. B. Dubois, among many other famous people. Maya Angelou developed a tough outer character from all the hardships she endured, but she shares with the public in order for them to learn from her past and to think about their future. References Gillespie, M. A. , Johnson-Butler, R. , & Long, R. A. (2008). Maya Angelou: A glorious celebration. New York, New York: Doubleday. Kowalski, R. , & Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Mongeau-Marshall, C. (1994). The masks of Maya Angelou: Discovered, discarded, and designed. Retrieved from ProQuest: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. Pettit, J. (1996). Maya Angelou: Journey of the heart. New York, New York: Lodestar Books.

Toddlers Using Electronics Essays

Toddlers Using Electronics Essays Toddlers Using Electronics Essay Toddlers Using Electronics Essay Brittany Miller Psychology 201 – 09 Instructor: Mrs. Maruyama Toddlers using electronics The thought of purchasing a 500. 00 Ipad or some sort of electronic for a 2 to 5 year old I find to be quiet ridiculous. I understand the point that they want the toddlers to learn how to use technology at a young age and teach them how to handle things with care. It makes sense if they had the children using theirs but going out and actually buying a 2 year old their own is quite outrageous, what all is that child going to use that Ipad for? What are the parents going to do once that little child accidently drops or throws that expensive electronic device when they are upset and or mad? This article is about a man buying an Ipad for his family giving one as a Christmas present to each of children one of the ages of 2 and 5, by Adam Satariano and Katie Linsell. His two-year-old son started learning how to swipe and play with his fathers Ipad at the age of 1. Now his children fight over who gets to play with the Ipad so the father now would like to buy his children both an Ipad so that there is no longer a dispute on who gets to use the Ipad anymore. It’s incredible how smart children are now days. Being able to operate such a high tech type of equipment. I have seen more toddlers and children know how to work a piece of technology with out being showed how to more than older adults. Some people argue about how bad it is to have children using electronics and watching tv as well as being on the internet. In the long run of children being on the Internet and watching tv it teaches the children much more than people give it credit for. Children once they grow older will be able to do much more when it come to jobs, and knowledge that many work forces look for when it comes to the knowledge of technology. I do find it ridiculous that parents are buying their children such an expensive piece of technology but at the same time its understandable. The fact that parents are able to download educational apps from the Apple app store or the Android market helps their children learn much more while being sucked into the device by the amazement and interest in something so unique. Apple’s IPad-Crazed Toddlers to Spur Holiday Sales Rush: Tech By Adam Satariano and Katie Linsell Nov. 28 (Bloomberg) One iPad isn’t enough for Patrick Smith’s family. Smith, an American Web designer living in Germany, has two kids vying for their tablet computer. The youngest started tapping and finger-swiping the screen by age 1, leading to tussles over who gets to play with the Apple Inc. device. Now Smith is considering buying another tablet for Christmas. â€Å"It’s usually a fight to decide whose turn it is,† said Smith, whose sons are now 2 and 5. The family jockeying shows how big the youth market may be for Apple and its tablet competitors, including Amazon. om Inc. and makers of Android devices. Among kids age 6 to 12, the iPad is the most-wanted holiday gift for the second year in a row, according to Nielsen Co. Even so, the industry faces hurdles. That includes setting a price parents can live with and dealing with concerns about kids getting hooked on technology too early. Most iPad buyers have children in their households, estimates BlueKai Inc. , which compiles consumer data. The market’s growth isn’t just generating revenue for tablet makers, it’s increasing demand for kid-oriented content. Companies ranging from Walt Disney Co. to small startups are developing games, interactive books and other software to appeal to children. â€Å"Kids just get it they touch it and it moves,† said Jamie Pearson, founder of BestKidsApps. com, a review website with almost 300,000 monthly page views, 40 percent of which are for apps aimed at kids under 5. â€Å"It’s like any other natural language at that age; they just pick it up. † Learning to Write According to Forrester Research Inc. , 29 percent of tablet owners regularly share the device with their kids. Among mothers, it’s 65 percent. One Apple commercial shows a young child learning to write using the iPad 2. For Apple, the youth market presents opportunities and challenges. While the iPad is the top-selling tablet, many parents may opt for lower-cost models if they know they’re putting them in the hands of children. Amazon’s Kindle Fire is less than half the price of the iPad. When asked to choose between the $199 Kindle Fire and the $499 iPad, 51 percent of consumers opted for the Amazon product, according to a survey by Parks Associates. Smith said he is considering a Kindle Fire for his family’s second tablet. â€Å"It’s a low enough price point that it forces that couch- potato consumer to get up off the couch and buy something like this,† said Sucharita Mulpuru, an analyst at Cambridge, Massachusetts-based Forrester. â€Å"There’s almost no reason not to. † Amazon said today Black Friday shoppers bought four times as many Kindle devices as a year earlier. ‘Digital Pacifier’ Still, tablets have raised concerns among child advocates. As much as kids enjoy playing with an iPad, parents should limit the amount of time they spend plopped down with the device, said Gwenn O’Keeffe, a pediatrician in Boston who has studied the effects of technology on children and works with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Toddlers under 2 shouldn’t play with an iPad unless it’s only being used to display books, she said. Victoria Nash, a researcher at the Oxford Internet Institute who also has studied the topic, said some parents use gadgets as a â€Å"digital pacifier. † â€Å"We know already that there are dangers with watching too much television and doing too much online gaming,† she said. Goodnight IPad’ A new book, â€Å"Goodnight iPad,† a parody of the popular children’s book â€Å"Goodnight Moon,† reminds parents to unplug by poking fun at how much time is spent in front of computer and television screens each day. Apple has sold about 40 million iPads since th e product’s debut last year, and it may sell a record 20 million iPads globally during the holiday quarter, Forrester estimates. Piper Jaffray Cos. analysts observed Apple’s stores selling 14. 8 iPads per hour over Black Friday, up from 8. 8 per hour last year. The sales increase outpaced broader Black Friday growth. Companies are lining up to capitalize on the frenzy. Disney has released an iPad game linked to its movie â€Å"Cars† in which kids can drive a small plastic car along a road shown on the iPad. Bertelsmann AG’s Random House and Oceanhouse Media Inc. have released interactive versions of â€Å"Dr. Seuss† books as apps. Other companies such as Callaway Digital Arts and TouchyBooks also are introducing titles tailored to youngsters. Steve Jobs, Apple’s late co-founder, saw potential for applications aimed at children. Jobs introduced Callaway Digital Arts founder Nicholas Callaway to Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers, a venture firm that then led an investment round of almost $7 million in the startup. Callaway Digital Arts makes titles based on â€Å"Sesame Street† and â€Å"Thomas Friends. † Tapping the TV Rex Ishibashi, chief executive officer of the company, puts the U. S. market for kids’ iPads apps at more than $500 million. â€Å"The kids are gravitating towards these devices because they make sense,† he said. â€Å"They are intuitive. † Ilan Abehassera, an Internet entrepreneur in New York, has his own tales of iPad-infatuated kids. His 2-year-old son constantly reaches for his iPad to see YouTube clips and interactive books. That’s forced Abehassera to limit how much time the boy spends with the tablet. When we don’t give it to him, he goes crazy,† Abehassera said. The iPad will be many children’s first experience with a computer, a phenomenon that will affect the design of future consumer electronics, said Tom Mainelli, an analyst with Framingham, Massachusetts-based IDC. A popular YouTube video shows a toddle r frustrated with a magazine because she can’t zoom in on the pictures. In Abehassera’s case, his son taps the television screen to try to get it to play videos. â€Å"The generation that is growing up with touch is going to demand it on all their devices going forward,† Mainelli said. Editors: Nick Turner, Rick Schine

buy custom Deerfield Hospital Supply essay

buy custom Deerfield Hospital Supply essay Deerfield Hospital Inc is a non-union company that deals with healthcare services and is located in the Midwestern parts of the United States (Scott, Dorval Treffinger 2000). The company has fifty employees comprising of different races. They include African-Americans, Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The company employs both men and women to serve in different capacities in the company. Diane Jackson is the newly appointed operations manager in this company when it is facing several managerial problems. This paper highlights problems that the new manager is facing during her daily operations in the company (Scott, Dorval Treffinger 2000). Discussion During Jacksons first weeks of employment in the Deerfield Hospital Inc, she identified several problems that affected managerial programs of the company in a number of ways. The first problem in the company is that the supervisors, which her former manager left in the office, had not enough knowledge in dealing with employees. The former manager appointed them because of friendship or being senior in a particular area. There is a problem regarding employee motivation in the company. This makes most of employees havenegative attitude towards their management office and other employees. Workers who have negative motives towards their managers and their fellow employees may not perform their duties to the expected level. This may be a result from hiring employees without checking their backgrounds. This problem rests in the hands of the former manager who made individual decisions during employment period. It is true that five of the workers that were employed formerly were charged with felony whereby two were imprisoned after determination of their cases by the courts (Scott, Dorval Treffinger 2000). Conflict resolution in the company is purely handled in a very unprofessional manner. Some employees resolve their problem through unleashing harsh words towards their offenders. Some of them tend to solve their conflicts by fighting. The employees had a feeling that they had an opportunity to handle their issues in the manner in which they wanted. They felt that there was no need to involve the management in solving problems which they experienced in their working environment. Fighting was one of the ways to solve problems in the company. The former manager seemed to encourage this type of behavior by simply staying in his office and wait for unqualified supervisors to solve the company problems (Scott, Dorval Treffinger 2000). The greatest issue that the manager is facing is to reverse the management structure and ensurethat the correct protocol is followed in conflict resolution. Additionally, the entire workforce had already resisted any form of improvement performance wise. The timeline that she is given is quite limited but the changes need to be seen by the top managers. The scene at the loading dock was not encouraging to any manager who expects to be rated through his or her performance. The cause of this incident is likely to be a poor policy, which existed in the company. The policy allowed workers to listen to music but ignored to put a control mechanism in place. This provided the loophole for any person to come in and demanded to control the type of music other could listen to while working. The person to carry the entire problem is the former manager. On the one hand, he employed people who had behavior problems. On the other hand, the same manager failed to make control mechanisms that could control the workers while they listened to music as they worked. It is also important to note in this context that the former manager avoided conduct with the rest of employees and remained in his office. The employers had taken that advantage to solve their own problems unprofessionally (Scott, Dorval Treffinger 2000). Buy custom Deerfield Hospital Supply essay

Trus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trus - Essay Example There is quite a conflict in determining how trust comes into existence and how one may end up being confident about another person. For trust to exist, it is very important for two or more parties to exist. Trust is an outcome of hard work, persistence and dedication. In order to trust come into existence one individual needs to be confident about another individual. An individual can only show confidence in another individual if previously an individual has performed certain actions. For example: a student can only trust a teacher if the teacher has previously proved that whatever the teacher is teaching is actually real. This means that an individual has to perform certain activities in order to ensure that others trust them. Trust is a very important element of society and has various functions. It is one of the most important elements of any relationship that is taking place between two or more individuals or parties. Trust is the knot that keeps people attached with each other. Without trust relationships cannot take place and if trust is broken, relationships come to an end. Trust is a very important element in leadership. Leaders are those who influence others to work in a certain direction and others only work in the direction provided by the leader if others trust them. Trust is used in various contexts and may have different meanings. But the trust that is referred to the confidence that individuals have in each other is the most common way the term trust is used in the society. Trust is a term used in the context of real estate in which an individual may transfer his/her property to another individual on the basis of trust (Bellairs 99). Trust is used in the context of blind following that individuals have in the context of their religion and god. The most common definition of trust is the confidence that two individuals have in each other or one

Social Web Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Web - Research Paper Example Besides pros there are several cons of maintaining these connections as well. This is a very grave issue as these side effects are negatively shaping the human society and leading it into a dangerous future. The current report mentions what negative effects these advancements are having on the individuals of the society and thus on the society as a whole. Some future trends of the so called social web are also highlighted along with addressing some measures that should be looked up by governing authorities. This is essential for a safer and prosperous future. INTRODUCTION Social Web is the new terminology with which the visual social connections of each digital device are connected to each other via the internet. The platforms that support the evolution and maintenance of the social connections are various and limitless. Examples of platforms supporting social web profiles are Facebook, Twitter, Orkut LinkdIn etc. The globalization of today’s world sees it as such that virtual ly every human being is connected to the web in one way or the other. People connected to the internet have the privilege of accessing all other sorts of information on it. Via the Internet anyone connected to it can stay up-to-date with the very latest information, can telecommute, check stock prices, compare prices and shop online, communicate with others in chat rooms or on bulletin boards, take different online learning courses, learn how to cook food, train tickets and even earn an accredited degree.... BACKGROUND/HISTORY The roots of communications and information technology can roughly be dated back to the advent of ‘telephone’ by Graham Bell in the year 1875 (Saari, 2006). It is the tenure from the analog telephone to the most well equipped cell phones today that modified the lifestyles of their users’ en-route. Thus behavioral changes on the fronts of societies were also exhibited. American computer scientist Alan Kay said, "Technology is all that stuff that wasn't around when (you) were born   because the stuff that was around when you were born   was just part of the landscape. Like the pencil." Also, McLuhan (1960) said, "The new electronic interdependence recreates the world in the image of a global village"   Once, invented the technological changes went on at a very rapid rate, quick decisions were made regarding the changes in each decade. Presently, decisions need to be formulated that would cater to the long lasting consequences of the very adv anced changes on the society. The social and economic impacts of these technologies are the most important changes that should never be overlooked. As said by mathematician Konsbruck Lee Robert, (n.d.) â€Å"Today, innovations in information technology are having wide-ranging effects across numerous domains of society, and policy makers are acting on issues involving economic productivity, intellectual property rights, privacy protection, and affordability of and access to information. Choices made now will have long- lasting consequences, and attention must be paid to their social and economic impacts.† The social impacts of Information and technology advancements have turned the present human society upside down from what it used

Write a summary of the movie William Kunstler Disturbing The Universe, Review

Write a summary of the William Kunstler Disturbing The Universe, please include connections with the law and how it is used - Movie Review Example For instance, while presenting the freedom riders, he presented the case critically leading to success. Through circumstantial evidence, Kunstler presented several cases during then activism period with a higher rate of success. In the speech presented about racism, he illustrated the power of segregation by white and considered himself a racist because he was white. The movie highlights the life of Kunstler and addressed several legal issues including The Bill of Rights which is pertinent with regard to racism. The defending of the Roman Catholic Activists including Daniel and Phillip Berrigan illustrated support of freedom of expression. Therefore, Kunstler was known for defending the activist groups notoriously. However, after ascending to stardom he lost focus and lived a life filled with self-importance and loss of perspective. The brilliance in legal issues led to several successes with the lowest point being in the failed negotiation in 1971 for the inmates at Attica Correctional facility in New York. The movie expresses the character of Kunstler succinctly and

Mobil IP Essay Example for Free

Mobil IP Essay â€Å"A Mobile IP address allows users to connect to the Internet without a normal static or dynamic IP address through the use of a unique mobile IP address. This unique address lets the computer connect through a network to a home IP address but still utilize and communicate with the networks protocol.† What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile IP? Advantages: 1) Portability—virtually anywhere there is access 2) Convenience sustained connection while traveling between access points 3) Scalability built for large, expansive networks so it is always easy to expand it 4) Consistency a user can maintain the same IP address across all of the subnets they travel between while the router on their home subnet intercepts and forwards all incoming information to them across the network via a network tunnel 5) Integration Mobil IP solutions do not require an additional network, but rather integrate with a current network schematic and because of the standard it has set many of the appliances have networking abilities now Disadvantages: 1) Security Data must be transformed so that authorized parties only decode it Authentication, or approving or disproving someone’s identity Ensuring that data cannot be changed without having that change be detectable Proving a source sent data and the possibility of that data being denied 2) Triangle Routing   The delivering of packets as directly as possible from sending node to mobile node without passing through a home agent, this is obviously a problem since route from sender to mobile node by way of the home agent takes two sides of the triangle, rather than the third side, which is the direct path. 3) Perception of reliability  refers to the premise of Mobile IP connections are based on TCP surviving cell changes What are the typical installations of Mobile IP? Typical installations where you find mobile IP is for laptop or phone use though tablets and other systems are catching up. Do you think Mobile IP will increase in popularity? Why or why not? With the struggle to stay up to date and to have access to files for company use at meetings, I think it is a real deal to say that popularity will continue to rise. There are issues with the technology but look how many bugs were in Windows 95 when it hit the market and people still ate it up. â€Å"A leading and award-winning developer of desktop, tablet and mobile VoIP software products and solutions, today announced that its industry-leading Bria softphone is powering Network Norways all-new Mobil IP service. As part of the Tele2 Group, Network Norway is an innovative service provider focused on enabling leading edge business solutions such as their new Mobil IP offering. Mobil IP is an SMB and enterprise focused offering that extends a customers mobile number to all devices including iOS and Android smartphones, tablets, PCs and Macs.†

Scientific Knowledge Not Like Other Forms Of Knowledge

Scientific Knowledge Not Like Other Forms Of Knowledge The argument that science possesses some inherent features not possessed by other disciplines, thus making scientific knowledge distinct from other forms of knowledge has long been debated by philosophers of science. Instinctively, when questioned, the layman may propose that what distinguishes scientific knowledge from other disciplines are the fundamental principles of scientific experimentation, hypothesis testing and theory construction and that the aim of science is ultimately to understand, explain and consequently predict the world in which we inhabit. However, can scientific knowledge really be distinguished from other forms of knowledge on the basis of these features alone? The nature of philosophy of science is to determine what constitutes a science, therefore what common feature all the disciplines purporting to fall under the umbrella of science share that makes them a distinctive form of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to examine scientific knowledge and compare it with other forms of knowledge in terms of the methodologies they employ, and the rational behind the knowledge. As Okasha (2002) articulated, it is implausible to argue that scientific knowledge is distinct from other forms of knowledge purely on the basis that the aim of science is to comprehend and explain worldly phenomena since this aim is surely shared by all disciplines. Intuitively, one might argue that scientific knowledge can be demarcated from other disciplines by the methodology utilised by scientists to progress scientific explanation, which predominantly resides in the implementation of empirical investigation, theory construction and hypothesis testing. However, as Haack (2003) highlighted, controlled experiments, for example, often thought of as distinctive of the sciences, are not utilised by all scientists, nor are they only utilised by scientists. Whilst astronomers and evolutionary theorists rely on observational methods rather than empirical testing, it is arguable that people such as mechanics and plumbers do utilise methods more akin to the standard scientific means. In f act, as Haack (2003) asserted, what distinguishes science from other disciplines is not that science relies on a distinct methodology, but rather that scientists have merely extended and refined the resources utilised by ordinary people in everyday empirical inquiry, of which we all partake in. In concurrence, Sokal (2008) emphasised that the use of the term science should therefore not be limited to the natural sciences but should include investigations aimed at acquiring accurate knowledge of factual matters relating to any aspect of the world by using rational empirical methods analogous to those routinely employed in the natural sciences. This supports the notion proposed by Huxley that the man of science simply uses with scrupulous exactness the method of which we all habitually and at every minute use carelessly. All empirical inquirers, whether they be molecular biologists, sociologists, historians or detectives, make informed conjectures about the possible explanation of the phenomena that concerns them, examine how well these conjectures stand up to evidence they already have and any further evidence they can obtain and then use their judgement to determine whether to continue to support their original conjecture, modify or reject it. Hence, scientific knowledge cannot be distinguished from other forms of knowledge on the basis of the methodology that it employs since science is not in possession of a special method of inquiry unavailable to historians or detectives or indeed the layman. The methods of certain scientific endeavours may be more refined and exact than for other forms of investigations, however, as Sokal (2008) emphasised, methods of inquiry must be adapted to the subject matter at hand. The underlying principles of scientific inquiry as opposed to other rational inquiry that relies on empirical methods are ultimately the same. What then can distinguish scientific knowledge from alternative types of knowledge? Popper (1972) made a strong case for the notion that whilst some empirical testing conducted in science or indeed in other forms of rational inquiry is genuinely empirical, some disciplines purporting to fall under the umbrella of science rely on methods that are arguably non-empirical or even irrational and pseudo-empirical and that whilst they utilise methods which appeal to observation and experimentation, nevertheless they do not meet the scientific standards. Popper (1972) highlighted cases of supposed pseudo-scientific theories, such as Freuds psychoanalysis theory and Alders individual psychology theory as providing evidence for this stance, arguing that they had more in common with myths than with science whilst seemingly possessing strong explanatory powers. He argued that the fact that any behaviour observed could be explained by these theories, although used to bolster credibility for the t heories, was in fact their biggest weakness since no conceivable behaviour could contradict them and therefore the theories were non-testable and ultimately non-falsifiable. He argued that it is easy to obtain confirmations for any theory if we seek confirmations and that confirming evidence should not count except when it is the result of a genuine test of the theory which means that it can be presented as a serious but unsuccessful attempt to falsify the theory. Popper emphasised that whilst the procedure of making a theory such as Freuds psychoanalysis theory compatible with any possible course of events is always possible, and the theory can be rescued from refutation, the price is that its scientific status is significantly reduced. Significantly, however, Popper was not saying that non-falsifiable theories and therefore knowledge based on non-falsifiable claims do not have significance or their place. Rather, that many of the non-testable theories such as the psychoanalytical or individual psychology approaches to human understanding are analogous with myths, and historically nearly all scientific theories have been borne out of myths therefore a myth may contain important anticipations of science theories. Thus, if a theory is found to be non-scientific or metaphysical as it cannot be falsified it cannot be labelled as insignificant in terms of its value to knowledge but it cannot claim to be supported by empirical evidence in a scientific sense. Therefore, religion, whilst not falsifiable since it is not possible to prove whether God exists, is still a valuable discipline. One caveat to Poppers (1972) criterion of demarcation however, expressed by Okasha (2002) is that whilst Popper criticised, for example, Marxists for explaining away data that appeared to conflict with their theories, rather than accepting that the theories had been refuted, it would seem that this procedure may be routinely used in the field of science. For example, Adams and Leverrier in 1846, determined the existence and location of the planet Neptune by utilising Newtons theory of gravity despite the fact that it had made an incorrect prediction about the orbit of Uranus and had therefore been falsified. Rather than concluding that Newtons theory was completely inaccurate, they continued to advocate the theory and attempted to explain away the conflicting observations regarding Uranus by postulating a new planet, thus demonstrating that even falsified theories can lead to important scientific discoveries. Hence, whilst Poppers argument is initially strong it is somewhat flawed. I t is still essential for scientific knowledge to be based on evidence that has been stringently tested against a clearly defined set of principles, which arguably makes scientific knowledge distinct from other knowledge such as theological knowledge that is not based on such stringent evidence, however scientific knowledge and other forms of knowledge cannot be distinguished purely on the bases of whether the theories they originate from are falsifiable or not since some scientific theories when falsified are still utilised to progress knowledge. Therefore, in terms of science and religion, it is possible to distinguish between the two in terms of the methods of study and how knowledge is acquired, i.e. knowledge derived from empirical testing as opposed to personal beliefs, however it is not possible to distinguish between these two knowledge bases on the fact that scientific knowledge can be falsified whereas religious beliefs cannot since not all scientific knowledge can be. The process of reasoning on which scientific knowledge is based can also be compared with the reasoning behind other forms of knowledge. As Okaska (2002) articulated, scientific knowledge is largely based upon the process of inductive reasoning whereby scientists move from premisses about objects they have examined to conclusions about objects they have not examined. An example of this would be found in the study of Downs Syndrome, in which geneticists have established that sufferers have 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. In order to determine this, a large number of sufferers have been examined and in each case the additional chromosome has been found. Therefore, it has been concluded that having this additional chromosome causes Downs Syndrome. However, this is an inductive inference as not all Downs Syndrome sufferers have been tested for the chromosome and therefore the geneticists have moved from the premises about the sufferers they have examined to conclusions about suf ferers they have not examined. It is possible that another explanation could be equally plausible. Scientists heavily rely on inductive reasoning wherever they move from limited data to a more general conclusion. It is arguable that other forms of knowledge as well as scientific forms of knowledge are largely based on inductive reasoning. In fact, we use inductive reasoning in everyday life and our common sense is built on inductive reasoning as highlighted by Haack (2003). However, there are forms of knowledge which do not rely on inductive reasoning, namely religion and theology. According to Haack (2003), unlike religion, science is not primarily a body of belief, but rather a federation of kinds of inquiry. Scientific inquiry relies on experience and reasoning and the sciences have developed many ways to extend the senses and enhance our powers of reasoning but they require no additional kinds of evidential resource beyond these, which are also the resources on which everyday empirical inquiry depends. Religion, on the other hand, is not primarily a kind of inquiry but a body of belief based on personal commitment. Unlike religion, theology is a form of inquiry. Unlike scientific inquiry however theology welcomes and indeed seeks supernatural explanations, explanations in terms of Gods making things so. Furthermore theology usually calls on evidential resources beyond sensory experience and reasoning and most importantly on religious experience and the authority of revealed texts. As Sokal (2008) highlighted, unlike scientific reasoning that is based on facts, theological reasoning stems from the notion that the holy scriptures provide the answers to life and when asked how it can be known that this evidence is accurate, the answer given is because the holy scriptures say it is. Thus theology is subject to circular reasoning and so unlike scientific inquiry; according to Haack (2003) theological inquiry is discontinuous with everyday empirical inquiry both in the kinds of explanations in which is traffics and in the kinds of evidential resource or method on which it calls. However, debate looms large over the nature of inductive reasoning, and whether in fact it is merely a form of circular reasoning itself. Hume (1739) argued that induction cannot be rationally justified at all since it invokes the uniformity of nature which is the assumption that unexamined objects will be similar to examined objects. According to this we cannot assume that past experiences will be a reliable guide to the future and to argue that induction is trustworthy because it has worked up until now is to reason in an inductive manner. The uniformity of nature cannot be tested empirically either since this would require inductive reasoning. Hume emphasised that our inductive inferences rest on an assumption about the world for which we have no good grounds and therefore postulated that our confidence in induction is just blind faith. Therefore, arguably if this were the case then science is like religion and theology after all in that it is based on reasoning that can never be proved. However, there are many caveats to Humes theory. As Strawson emphasised, induction is so fundamental to how we think and reason that it is no the sort of thing that should and could be justified as induction is one of the standards we use to decide whether claims about the world are justified. Furthermore, the notion of probability would suggest that there is weight in our inductive reasoning, and therefore since scientific knowledge is founded on objective empirical evidence, it is arguable that the reasoning behind science is more trustworthy that that of religion which is subjective in nature. In conclusion, intuitively scientific knowledge is a distinctive form of knowledge; however, under closer examination it is evident that similarities do exist. The reasoning behind predominantly all scientific knowledge, like the majority of other disciplines and our everyday inquiry, is inductive in nature, which raises the question as to whether any scientific knowledge can ever be proven. Furthermore, whilst science depends on the scientific method of experimentation, theory construction and hypothesis testing, as Haack (2003) emphasised, these methods are by no means exclusive to science. Rather, scientific inquiry should be seen as continuous with everyday inquiry, although somewhat more refined and other disciplines should be equally able to utilise the scientific method. Whilst methodology may differ between disciplines, the underlying concept that the inquiry must be rational for the knowledge obtained to be credible is inherent in most disciplines akin with science. As Chalm ers (1999) argued, there is a false assumption that there is a universal scientific method to which all forms of knowledge should conform however as Feyerabend (1975) argued, defenders of science typically judge it to be superior to other forms of knowledge without adequately investigating these other forms. He postulated that there can never be a decisive argument in favour or science over other forms of knowledge that are incommensurable with it and that if scientific knowledge is to be compared with other forms of knowledge then it will be necessary to investigate the nature, aims and methods of science and those other forms of knowledge by utilising methods such as by studying historical texts, records, original papers, letters, private conversations and so on, rather than simply by utilising scientific methods. In concurrence with Haack (2003) and Sokal (2008), Chalmers (1999) also emphasised that other forms of knowledge should not conform to the rules of logic stipulated by s cience and therefore pseudo-science and disciplines such as Marxism should not be rejected as implausible on the grounds that they do not conform to the preconceived notion of the scientific method. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, intuitively scientific knowledge is a distinctive form of knowledge; however, under closer examination similarities exist. The reasoning behind predominantly all scientific knowledge, like the majority of other disciplines and our everyday inquiry, is inductive in nature. Furthermore, whilst science depends on experimentation, theory construction and hypothesis testing, as Haack (2003) emphasised, these methods are by no means exclusive to science. Scientific inquiry is seemingly continuous with everyday inquiry, although somewhat more refined. Whilst methodology may differ between disciplines and some theories may be more testable than others, the underlying concept that the inquiry must be rational for the knowledge obtained to be credible is inherent in most disciplines akin with science.